Craniates - Crainata - the Animal Encyclopedia

Craniates - Crainata - the Animal Encyclopedia Craniates (Craniata) are a gathering of chordates that incorporates hagfish, lampreys, and jawed vertebrates, for example, creatures of land and water, winged creatures, reptiles, warm blooded animals, and fishes. Craniates are best portrayed as chordates that have a braincase (likewise called a head or a skull), mandible (jawbone) and other facial bones. Craniates do exclude less complex chordates, for example, lancelets and tunicates. A few craniates are sea-going and have gill cuts, not at all like the more crude lancelets which have pharyngeal cuts. Hagfishes Are the Most Primitive Among craniates, the most crude is the hagfishes. Hagfishes don't have a hard skull. Rather, their skull is comprised of ligament, a solid yet adaptable substance that comprises of the protein keratin. Hagfishes are the main living creature that has a skull however do not have a spine or vertebral section. First Evolved Around 480 Million Years Ago The main realized craniates were marine creatures that developed around 480 million years back. These early craniates are thought to have separated from lancelets. As undeveloped organisms, craniates have a one of a kind tissue called the neural peak. The neural peak forms into an assortment of structures in the grown-up creature, for example, nerve cells, ganglia, some endocrine organs, skeletal tissue, and connective tissue of the skull. Craniates, similar to all chordates, build up a notochord that is available in hagfishes and lampreys yet which vanishes in many vertebrates where it is supplanted by the vertebral segment. All Have an Internal Skeleton All craniates have an inside skeleton, additionally called an endoskeleton. The endoskeleton is comprised of either ligament or calcified bone. All craniates have a circulatory framework that comprises of courses, vessels, and veins. They likewise have a chambered heart (in vertebrates the circulatory framework is shut) and a pancreas and matched kidneys. In craniates, the stomach related tract comprises of a mouth, pharynx, throat, digestive system, rectum, and anus.â The Craniate Skull In the craniate skull, the olfactory organ is found front to different structures, trailed by matched eyes, combined ears. Likewise inside the skull is the cerebrum which is comprised of five sections, the romencephalon, metencephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon, and telencepahlon. Likewise present in the craniate skull are an assortment of nerves, for example, the olfactory, optic, trigeninal, facial, accoustic, glossopharygeal, and vagus cranial nerve.â Most craniates have particular male and female genders, albeit a few animal types are hemaphroditic. Most fish and creatures of land and water experience outer preparation and lay eggs while repeating while different craniates, (for example, well evolved creatures) bear live youthful. Characterization Craniates are characterized inside the accompanying ordered chain of command: Creatures Chordates Craniates Craniates are isolated into the accompanying scientific categorizations: Hagfishes (Myxini) - There are six types of hagfishes alive today. Individuals from this gathering have been the subject of much discussion about how they ought to be put inside the order of chordates. At present, hagfishes are viewed as most firmly identified with lampreys.Lampreys (Hyperoartia) - There are around 40 types of lampreys alive today. Individuals from this gathering incorporate northern lampreys, southern topeyed lampreys, and pouched lampreys. Lampreys have a long, thin body and a skeleton made of cartilage.Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) - There are around 53,000 types of jawed vertebrates alive today. Jawed vertebrates incorporate hard fishes, cartilaginous fishes, and tetrapods.

Garden art through the ages Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursery workmanship through the ages - Article Example Workmanship history has the significant goal of deciding the innovation of different works of the craftsmanship. In days of yore, anything delivered utilizing a machine would not qualify as workmanship however in the cutting edge time the extent of the investigation has expanded including the investigation of PC helped pictures. The historical backdrop of craftsmanship relies upon the curios. There is a set up method of creating a date when a given craftsmanship was done dependent on a specific antique that is accessible. The fine art was done quite a while back, however the antiquity is an introduction of the proof of the imaginative action that occurred. There are sure inquiries of worry to the workmanship student of history, and the primary inquiry is the age of the craftsmanship. The dates when the fine art was done can be built up in various manners. The student of history can utilize the physical proof of the material that was utilized to enhance a specific fine art. For instance, certain paints then the person can undoubtedly figure the age of the work of art from the current curio that depends on a given truth that the given material that was utilized didn't exist at a specific time in days of yore. Subsequently, the student of history can undoubtedly follow the age of the workmanship by minding the ancient rarity that is existing. A most punctual conceivable date and most recent conceivable date for the utilization of certain material, for example, particular sort of inks can be set up by the student of history. There are materials that are utilized by craftsmen at the present time and those that were utilized in the days of yore and in this way it turns out to be simple for the students of history to concoct a decisive age of the work of art dependent on material used to build the ancient rarity. The students of history likewise depend on narrative proof. This is on the grounds that it gave a trace of the date when a given article was expounded on a specific work of art that shows as physical ancient rarity that exists. This implies if a student of history needs to know the age of a curio, the person just searches for the recorded books where the antiquated specialists

Aptitude For Altitude Babson Freshman Begins Ascent

Aptitude For Altitude: Babson Freshman Begins Ascent by: Pearly Tan on December 04, 2018 | 0 Comments Comments 769 Views December 4, 2018Kai Lightner climbs in Yosemite, California. The Babson College freshman has dreams of competing in the Olympics. Adidas photoHe’s a climber — and not just metaphorically. Babson College freshman Kai Lightner has been rock climbing for more than half his life — and winning competition for almost as long as that. At 10, he won his first first-place at the National Youth Sport Championship. Four years later, he took top honors in the International Federation of Sport Climbing Youth World Championship. Now, after more than a decade of competition, Lightner has begun his college career  at Babson — while eyeing Olympic glory in 2020 in Tokyo, where competitive climbing will be featured for the first time.â€Å"I train five days a week, with two different coaches, in the morning and in the evenings,† Lightner, no w 19, tells PoetsQuants For Undergrads. He says he plans to  major in business management or marketing. â€Å"I love the fact that Babson’s culture is so focused on being interactive, hands-on, and experiential, and it does make things a little challenging when I have to be in school to do all that, but it’s why I chose Babson.†A BUDDING STAR AND HIS DEDICATED MANAGERKai Lightner. August Heim photoConstance Lightner, Kais mother, says it all started with a boy who had a ton of energy. As Kai seemed to display traits normally associated with ADHD, she was advised to have him diagnosed — and possibly medicated. Instead, she made sure he had an organized schedule where he knew what to expect and what was expected of him. And then she tried to figure out what to do with all that preteen energy.  Kais dad, who was no longer involved in their lives, was 6 feet 9 inches tall, and Constance knew she was raising a young man who would grow up to be an energetic — and big — black man whom the world would not go easy on. The answer came in their hometown gym in Fayetteville, North Carolina, where Kai discovered that he had an aptitude on the climbing wall. More than   an aptitude: He was really, really good, and whats more, he loved it. Little did either mother or son know that Constance encouraging Kai in the sport would bring out his competitive side in other things, as well — particularly his ambition to excel in business education.Constance, who has been chair of the Department of Marketing, Management, and Entrepreneurship at Fayetteville State University for eight years, said once Kai showed a real love and aptitude for climbing, she began taking him to gyms all over the world to compete. And as he learned to navigate the sport and the crevices and crannies of countless climbs, she learned the ropes of another occupation: manager for her budding star of a son.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We’ve been asked to get him an agen t many times, but because I am mom, I negotiate differently, Constance tells PQ. When people realize that I’m also department chair for Marketing, Management, and Entrepreneurship, they realize I know what I’m doing. Its certainly not all about money. Kai needed time to be a kid, too, Constance says. I want balance for him. It’s not just about money, and definitely not always about the highest price. I needed the balance of allowing my kid to be a kid, and we turned down big contracts because I wasn’t OK with what they wanted from him. He needs time for himself.†Ã‚  Among Kais current sponsors:  Adidas Outdoor and Clif Bar.A LOVING MOM LEADING BY EXAMPLEStarting out, Constance says, Kai was often teased by his peers for â€Å"acting white† as he persisted in the sport of climbing, where competitions have long been dominated by Europeans. But he persisted, and his mother helped keep his eyes on the prize. Working her full-time job at Fayette ville State, she would go home in the evening to help Kai with homework before bringing him to the gym. She helped to belay him during his training until it grew dark outside. Then they’d go home, eat, shower, and go straight to bed — and do it all again the next day. By the time Kai was 13, they were traveling every weekend, Constance says. There was no time for her to â€Å"have a life,† but she was OK with that. â€Å"I saw it as an investment to put in a kid, to make him great in life, she says. If not, he could be a menace for the next 60 to 70 years.†Now, as Kai takes on the challenge of business school while pursuing his passion, he says the biggest hurdle has been time management — something he fortunately has some experience with, having had to study on planes and at competitions for many years. How successful was he? He was his high school valedictorian upon graduation in 2016, having taken not only AP classes but also additional communit y college courses.Kai Lightner at the 2014 Youth World championships. Courtesy Constance Lightner Page 1 of 212 »

The Star Math Assessment A Comprehensive Assessment Tool

STAR Math Assessment The STAR Math Assessment ® is a standardized comprehensive assessment tool that provides educators with a surplus of information. The assessment is generally administered three times throughout a school year to provide beginning, middle and end of year data concerning student progress. Educators have the option of assessing students more frequently, but are advised not to administer more than once per quarter. The test is divided into content strands, and provides scaled scores, percentile ranks, student growth percentiles, grade equivalence, and math instructional level. In addition the STAR ® software allows educators to generate student progress monitoring, growth, diagnostic, and instructional planning reports.†¦show more content†¦In addition to individual reports, educators may also generate instructional planning for a group of learners. This aspect of the assessment will aid in the action research as it will provide information vital to lesson planning and direction of the activities throughout the study. The individual reports will provide information concerning student understanding and mastery, allowing the researcher to monitor student progress throughout the study. It needs to be noted that the STAR test changes as students age, and during administration, responds according to student answers. When analyzing these scores, educators need to be cognizant to look for growth instead of changes in scores and ranks. Data Analysis In analyzing data I will utilize Maxwell’s Criteria for Validity of Qualitative Research. According to Job (2015), Maxwell’s criteria include the components of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. When pursuing credibility the researcher must consider the minute details of a study and search for emerging themes that are supported throughout the data. In this light I will seek to triangulate field note data with the data collected from the benchmark and

Analysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby Essay - 1060 Words

Name__________Lina Qi______________Hour___________6________ AP Lit. and Comp. Novel/Play Review Sheet 1. Title: The Great Gatsby Significance of title: The title of the book is ironic in the sense that Gatsby, the main protangonist of the story, has gained wealth and celebrity like status in the West Egg only with the help of shamming others and deceiving those around him. In the end, Gatsby is dead and the empire of wealth and reputation has shattered despite how great he is. 3. Author: F. Scott Fitzgerald Characters 4. Protagonist(s): Jay Gatsby 5. Antagonist(s): 1.Tom Buchanan 6. Important minor characters: 1. Daisy Buchanan 2. Nick Carraway 3. Myrtle Wilson 4. Jordan Baker 7. Who changes and why? Nick changes throughout the book. He starts off fascinated by the exciting lives of New Yorkers and tired of the small towns in the midwest. However, by the end of the book, Nick realizes that the superficiality of their lives and returns to the wholesome midwest. 8. What relationships are important and why? Gatsby and Daisy’s relationship is important because since the two of them had an affair, their redezvous becomes dangerous and ends up in the murder of Gatsby and Myrtle. Setting 9. Important places: 1.East and West Egg, New York 2.Gatsby Mansion 10. How does setting influence character, plot, etc.? The setting shows a divide between those who have connections and are filthy rich compared to the unkown recently made rich people in New York. InShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby 1707 Words   |  7 PagesJeremy Doniger Mrs. McInerny English 10H 17 March 2015 The Nature of Duality in The Great Gatsby The midwest is known for down-to-earth goodness, for wholesome, satisfying conceptions of morality that satisfied the masses of people who immigrated there in the 19th and 20th centuries. Morality, in that conventional, midwestern way, is merely a set of rules governing the difference between right and wrong - a simple duality. Dualistic thought suffices for us most because it is simple and it makesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby 839 Words   |  4 PagesMia Mooko AP Lang. Summer Assignment 30 July 2016 The Great Gatsby Section One: 1. By the third paragraph of the third chapter, verb tense changes. What is the effect of this change, or what do you think it s purpose is? When describing Gatsby s parties, Fitzgerald switches from past to present tense not only to make the reader feel as if they are engulfed in the festivities, but to also emphasize the repetitiveness and predictability of his parties. By using present tense, the readerRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby 928 Words   |  4 Pagesthe â€Å"History of the Dream†, the American Dream is enshrined as our national motto. The American Dream lives in each and every one living in the United States. However, there are different variants that described it. For example, in the movie The Great Gatsby the main characters portrayed his dream as the acquisition of properties and money. While similar in the movie The Wolf of Wall Street alcohol, drugs, sex and wealth are the epitome of the American Dream. When one thinks about the American DreamRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby 1138 Words   |  5 Pagespeople in the United States. The novel The Great Gatsby documents this time period with a precise attention to the culture clash that resulted from this era. This culture clash is emphasised by the climax of the novel, with a conflict between Gatsby and Tom Buchanan. The division of East and West Egg due to geographic and sociopolitical factors provides the initial preconceptions necessary to spark the main conflict of the novel between Tom Buchanan and Gatsby. The most important fact in establishingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby 1533 Words   |  7 PagesA Mirage in a Desert: The Duality of Dreams in The Great Gatsby Dreamers are those who dedicate themselves to bringing the world in their minds into reality, unwilling to accept compromise. Dreams are the realities that everyone holds in their minds giving their lives meaning and direction, but what happens when a dreamer dreams a dream far too grand for reality? Scott F. Fitzgerald critically examines the duality of dreams in The Great Gatsby, a story about a young gentleman trying to achieveRead MoreAp Book Analysis Of The Great Gatsby959 Words   |  4 PagesAP Book Report 1. Title of Work: 2. Author and date written: The author who wrote the was was F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the era of when the book was written was 1920’s. 3. Country of author: Fitzgerald was raised in St. Paul Minnesota but was later shipped off to boarding school in New Jersey. 4.Characters (label as major and minor) Major:Jay Gatsby- Gatsby was a big entrepreneur with â€Å"new money† and was one of the wealthiest men in the city, he had a long lost love named Daisy, they loved eachRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1388 Words   |  6 Pages3rd person, hopfully only this chapter Once there was a boy. His name was Ross Howner. He was only a peasent to most, he lived in a small village called skedia in the far corner of the kindom masonia. Just as every other person though, he had a secret. His secret was far more greater then most. You see, Ross was a warlock, so he had magic. But if anyone found out he would be hung at the sight,  for the kind of Masonia despised magic.  His mother was the only one who knew about his magic, for  sheRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay953 Words   |  4 Pages Part two begins slowly and adds more confusion. The story is overly convoluted with new characters and new events. Instead of Chris working on figuring out who’s after him and finding the chip, the story changes directions and it turns into stopping a major explosion and about a new world order. Also, James dominates part two, not Chris. In fact, characters well established in part one, are not active in part two, such as Kurt Slowensky. Part two spends too much time on the hypnosis scene, theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1655 Words   |  7 Pageswhere to find everything.† Fiona proceeded to show Casey all the rooms set aside for the guests. The parlor looked cozy stocked with books. There was the dining area and a small kitchenette with snacks and drinks in case guests got hungry after the kitchen closed. Finally, Fiona pointed toward a door leading to her prized garden. â€Å"Some of our guests will take a book outside to read, especially now with all the colorful flowers and pleasant weather.† â€Å"That sounds lovely, but I doubt I’ll have the timeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald867 Words   |  4 PagesTord was nearly sobbing, on his knees, looking up with his mouth open like a pathetic animal. His whole body was covered in various scratches, bruises, cuts, and teeth marks. Tears flowed gently from the corners of his eyes, desperate for any attention from the brutal man with the keys to the handcuffs that were currently on him. He had been teased and fucked and slapped over again, for what seems like hours and hours, in complete bliss. Tom had the upperhand the whole time, being able to do whatever

Management Accounting Activity-Based Costing

Question: Describe about the Management Accounting for Activity-Based Costing. Answer: Introduction The economic structure of the world works on the functioning of all the organizations producing variety of products according to the demand in the economic market. The firms operating in the market have their prime intension to maximize their profit by reducing their cost of production and increasing their sales in the market. The organizations take drastic steps through proper evaluation of the production process to reduce their production costs. The cost of production can be reduced by calculating the costs through various cost accounting formulas and creating cost models to improve the business conditions. This report analyses cost calculation functions of Island Wheels Ltd, a producer of bicycles. They produce three different varieties of bicycles, namely Road, Trek and BMX. This organization is a small manufacturing company and thus is not of the same standard with the big brands in the market. They produce quality products, which are mostly hand-made and thus has a good established customer base. The enterprise is in the opinion of expanding and thus requires predicting their future overhead costs to ascertain an increase in production. The firm also wants to find out their production cost if they increase their labor hours and machine times. Island Wheels Ltd are in the opinion of applying ABC ( Activity-based costing) to their business and understand and reduce the cost of production. The report will evaluate and analyze the different aspects, which are in concern to Island Wheel Ltd to expand and reduce their product cost and cost of production. The purpose of a cost formula and the components of the cost formula Island Wheels Ltd, a manufacturer of bicycles is in the opinion of expanding and thus requires the need for cost accounting. Cost accounting refers to a process of recording, collecting and evaluating the costs involved in production. It is helpful in ascertaining the best course of action through cost efficiency. This process is helpful to the management in controlling the present operations of the firm and plans a better production structure for future. The elements, which are necessary for the calculation of the cost accounting, are raw materials, labor and fixed and variable overheads. Incase of Island Wheels Ltd , cost estimation methods are essential to determine the best cost formula method to calculate their proceedings. The organization has mixed costs in the information provided by John and is comprised of variable and fixed costs. The management needs to segregate the mixed cost into fixed and variable to predict and plan for the future according to the cost behavior. Cost estimation is done through various cost formulas, which are essential to determine the present and future cost trends of the organization[1]. The management of Island Wheels takes help from these formulas to take drastic decisions for the improvement of the firm. The different types of cost formulas are as follows: Account Analysis Scatter graph High-low method Linear regression The above four are the most generally used cost formulas by any organization and in case of Island Wheels a proper analysis of all these four methods will be taken to find out the best cost formulating techniques for the organization. Island Wheels Ltd does not have any differentiated fixed and variable costs and thus these formulas are necessary for Island Wheels Ltd. The ultimate purpose of cost estimation is to find out the fixed and variable costs, which is helpful to create a cost formula in accordance with Island Wheels Ltd to estimate their future costs. The different modes of cost estimation formulas are as follows: Determination of Cost formulas Account analysis method This method of analysis of fixed and variable costs is done to identify the cost behavior in the managerial accounting. This process requires just looking at the cost, which is incurred and predict its closest cost behavior. The method requires the accountants have a subjective judgment and insight about the different costs. The accountants need to have a good knowledge about the nature of the costs. This method is an approach to predict the costs only when information about one period is known. Incase of Island Wheels Ltd, the analysis examines each costs individually and then based on the insight, differentiates into fixed and variable costs. The variable costs are all added and the variable per unit cost is calculated by dividing the total variable cost by the total number goods produced and sold. The variable cost per unit is put in to the cost formula as the variable costs and the total costs are added to find out the total fixed cost component of the equation[2]. The cost equation created from these operations is used to determine the future costs of an organization. Island Wheels being a small manufacturing unit will not try to undertake this process as it involves the use of a predictive mechanism to try and realize their fixed and variable costs of production. The process can bring out errors and good knowledge of the accountant is required and so for this organization, to calculate the actual costs this method need not be used. Scatter Graph method This process involves the creation of a scatter graph after which a predicted fixed and variable costs are determined. This method provides a visual image of the total costs at different activity levels of Island Wheels Ltd. The only problem with this method is that it is very hard to visualize the cost equation line from the information points and especially when the information is variable from time to time. The different steps in this process involves drawing of a graph with the y-axis consisting of the total costs and the x-axis of the units. The total costs of Island Wheels are pointed on the graph. The points, which are plotted on the graph are connected to form a straight line. Then the variable cost per unit is identified by looking at the slope by calculating the difference between the total costs and the difference between the units[3]. The point at which the line crosses the y-axis is the total fixed cost. Thus the formula of cost is: Y= VC+TFC Island Wheels has its information about calculating the costs from this method and but as this process is complex and requires a lot of time, the organization will not apply it as the owner Mr. John has asked the report to be submitted by Monday. High-Low Method This is one of the major formula used to calculate the fixed and variable costs. This method uses the highest and the lowest levels of activities from the information set of Island Wheels to find out the parts, which are fixed and variable out of the total mixed costs. The method might not prove to be trustworthy if the information set is not in accordance with the normal level of activities. But in this case, Island Wheels has a proper data set and so this method can be applied. The method applies the costs shown at the highest and the lowest points from the information of Island Wheels and calculates the fixed and variable costs which is useful to determine the cost of product. The variable costs per unit is calculated by the mathematical slope formula, which segregates the cost change by the activity change. The variable cost per unit determined from the data set of Island Wheels is inserted in place of the variable cost The total fixed cost is then calculated by inserting the total cost into the dependent variable and highest activity point for the independent variable. The solutions are then plugged into the cost formula to ascertain the answer for Island Wheels. This process is the simplest method to calculate the desired requirements for Island Wheels and this process will bring out the best result for them according to their information set. Linear Regression Method This is a statistical method used to determine the average amount of change in the dependent variable along with a single unit change in one or more independent variables. This method uses all the observations available for Island Wheels Ltd and then analyses them. The method involves the use of mathematical formulas to find out the regression line that reduces the total of the squared errors. The method is a complex process as it involves the need to calculate the coefficients and the standard errors[4]. As this process requires mathematical formulas, it becomes difficult for many accountants to follow. Island Wheels does not have the required set of data available to calculate from this method and thus this method is not acceptable for this organization. John Cruise the owner of Island Wheels Ltd unaware of which cost formula to be used for the improvement of the organization. All the above cost formulas are appropriate for analysis for any organization. According to the information available from Island Wheels Ltd, it is found that two scatter graphs representing the regression statistics for output of labor and the regression statistics for the output of machines are given. An appendix containing the labor hours, machine hours and the overhead costs of the organization for a year is provided. These are the only information available from Island Wheels Ltd. All the formulas can be put into use but account analysis involves evaluation through insight and knowledge about the accountant to segregate the costs into fixed and variable, which can bring out wrong results if the knowledge about the activities are not sufficient. The regression analysis uses all the observations available in the set and by using of mathematical formulas, the actual costs are determined. The process is a complex one and thus is not widely used by the accountants. The scatter graph is provided by the organization in this case but calculation of slope from the graph and then inserting the relevant data in the formula requires a lengthy process. Thus incase of Island Wheels Ltd the best possible technique which can be implemented is the high low method because this process is a simple one taking only the highest and the lowest points from the data set. This process is user friendly and takes less time thus giving an accurate result. The information provided by John Cruise is true and just according to the actual activities and so the calculation from this method is true and fair. Thus high low method will be taken for evaluating the information of Island Wheels Ltd and thus the information given about the labor hours, machine hours and the overhead costs will be taken into account to find out the fixed and variable costs. Evaluation of Costs for Island Wheels Ltd The organization provides the labor hour rate and machine rate along with the overhead costs to determine the costs of the organization. The computation of fixed and variable costs for the machine hours and labor hours for this organization is given below: Labor Hours Slope Coefficient (Variable Cost) = Y2-Y1/X2-X1 = 82,150-53,000/7500-2500 = $ 5.83 Constant (Fixed Cost) = 82,150- ( $5.83*7,500) = $ 38, 425 Labor Hour estimating equation (Total Cost) = $ 38,425+ $ 5.83 = $ 38,430.83 Machine Hours Slope Coefficient (Variable Cost) = Y2-Y1/X2-X1 = 82,150-53,000/ 1750-680 Variable Cost = $ 27.24 Constant (Fixed Cost) = 82,150 ( $27.24 * 1750) Fixed Cost = $ 34,480 Machine hour estimation (Total Cost) = $ 34,480 + $ 27.24 Total Cost = $ 34,507.24 From the above, Y2= highest overhead cost Y1= lowest overhead cost X2= highest activity unit X1= lowest activity unit Thus it is observed that the total cost, fixed and variable costs of labor and machine is calculated giving the organization and John Cruise a proper report to analyze the cost of production. It is observed that the prediction through high low method has validity and can be used to calculate the costs for Island Wheels Ltd[5]. Product Cost Evaluation of Road, Trek and BMX Island Wheels Ltd also needs to know the future costs of their products if their sales increase over the next month. The calculation of predicted costs in accordance with the high-low method is as follows: Cost for Road Bicycles Formula: Direct Materials per gram*Cost of materials+ Direct Labor*Wage Rate+ Estimated Labor Overhead+ Estimated Machine Overhead/ Sales Number intended for the next month = 750* $160+ $80 * 2.5+ $ 37,000 + $ 43,000/ 1500 = $ 133.46 Cost for Trek Cycles Formula: Direct Materials per gram*Cost of materials+ Direct Labor*Wage Rate+ Estimated Labor Overhead+ Estimated Machine Overhead/ Sales Number intended for the next month Product cost = 1400* $160 + $80 * 3 + 37,000+43,000/1000 = $ 304.24 Cost for BMX Formula: Direct Materials per gram*Cost of materials+ Direct Labor*Wage Rate+ Estimated Labor Overhead+ Estimated Machine Overhead/ Sales Number intended for the next month Product cost= 850 * $160 + 1.5 * $ 80 + 37,000 + 43,000 = $ 432.24 Road Product Cost= $133.46 Trek Product Cost= $304.24 BMX Product Cost= $ 432.24 It is observed that BMX range of cycles have the highest product cost and Road cycles has the lowest with respect to the information available from ISLAND Wheels Ltd. Concept of Activity Based Costing The organization Island Wheels Ltd is also in the opinion that they would like to apply Activity based costing in their organization. The ABC (activity based costing) is also a type of costing which is useful for decision making for an organization. ABC method finds out the activities and functions of an enterprise and designates the cost of all the functions of the business according to the raw materials of the products and services and real consumption made by the activities. Island Wheels Ltd having its own set of data comprising of direct and indirect costs is can be implemented in this method and the method changes its indirect costs into direct costs This method can be useful to Island Wheels Ltd to improve the costing efficiency and realizing the real costs and the products and services, which are profitable[6]. ABC method mostly deals with the true costs and transforms many indirect costs of traditional method into direct methods. The method actually reflects the true usage o f resource in every item. The process is helpful in determining the actual activity of cost information of Island Wheels Ltd to concentrate on the operational areas, which needs improvement. This method though points out the cost information of each activity and raw materials used in the finished product for Island Wheels by assessing the labor hours, machine hours and the estimated product cost of their products , but the process is vey lengthy, expensive and complex, which lead to a number of errors while evaluating[7]. This process is useful in the long- run where the product costing can be determined but is not useful in day to- day decision making. Island Wheels though are in opinion on adopting this process but this process will not be suitable for the firm as it is a small firm having its office and manufacturing unit at the same location. The information available from Island Wheels Ltd regarding their cost of raw materials and other factors of production need to be analyzed in detail converting the indirect costs into direct costs and then evaluating according to the needs and requirements asked by Mr. John[8]. The organization has limited goals for future and if Activity based costing, method is implemented then it will lead to extension in the work process of the organization, as it requires a tedious and lengthy work process. The process is complex and can lead to errors, which are not required by the organization. Benefits of Activity based costing The method identifies the cost of a product or service more efficiently and the information is reliable as it concentrates more on the related series events between cost and activities while manufacturing a product or service. There exists a fair and true fixed selling price of the goods as the overheads are derived based on a proper driver of costs. The fixed and variable overheads can be properly controlled by proper supervision over the activities. As there exists a transparency between the linkage between the cost and activities, the overhead costs can be easily controlled. Through this process, a considerable amount of information is available which is essential for decision making about the profitability of different goods. Proper allocation of overheads utilizes a large part in the total costs. Limitations of Activity based costing It is complex to find out the total activities, which influence cost. The most appropriate cost driven forces are not easy to identify. The determination of cost on the basis of activities are difficult to obtain. The process is not suitable for small manufacturing firms. It can be seen that ABC method has many benefits, which can be useful for Island Wheels Ltd for long-term process. However, this benefit does not hold true for this organization because limitations of ABC method state that this process is not ideal for a small firm[9]. Island Wheels is a small manufacturing company and so it is of consideration that this method should not be implemented within the organization. The traditional costing method is ideal for Island Wheels Ltd and the information available for this organization can be used to evaluate the fixed and variable costs along with future estimated product cost by High Low method of cost formula. Recommendation on introduction of ABC From the above analysis of ABC method, it is observed that this process is a complex and tedious technique, which is very expensive and this method has a tendency to generate errors. It is known that Island Wheels Ltd is a small manufacturing organization , which produces quality hand- made bicycles and does not compete with the branded companies competing in the market. Being a small concern it is not advisable to implement activity based costing in their business process as this would increase the overall costs and will affect the production function[10]. The traditional method of costing is thus advisable for this organization. Conclusion The above report shows that the organization Island Wheels Ltd being a small manufacturing unit uses the best cost formula technique. In this case High Low Method is the best technique to evaluate the total fixed and variable costs for the enterprise. High Low method is a simple technique and the information available from the organization can be best used to calculate the estimated cost of the product. This formula is essential for Island Wheels Ltd because being a small concern it can easily identify its cost of production and will also be helpful to determine the process which can be implemented to expand in the near future through increase in sales and reducing product costs. The estimated product costs of their goods namely the Road, Trek and BMX are also calculated according to the estimated sales for the next month. The merits and demerits of activity based costing are also analyzed and it is found that it is not profitable to undertake this method of costing for this enterpri se as it involves a complex method of evaluation and the infrastructure available to the firm is not adequate to undertake this costing method. Reference List Becker, Sebastian D., Andreas Wald, Christian Gessner, and Ronald Gleich. "The role of perceived attributes for the diffusion of innovations in cost accounting: The case of Activity-Based Costing."COMPTABILITE CONTROLE AUDIT21, no. 1 (2015): 105-137. Chuk, Elizabeth, Dawn Matsumoto, and Gregory S. Miller. "Assessing methods of identifying management forecasts: CIG vs. researcher collected."Journal of Accounting and Economics55, no. 1 (2013): 23-42. Crosson, Susan V., and Belverd E. Needles.Managerial accounting. 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The Millenium Bug Essays - Calendars, Software Bugs, COBOL, Hazards

The Millenium Bug The Millennium Bug The millennial sun will first rise over human civilization in the independent republic of Kirbati, a group of thirty low lying coral islands in the Pacific Ocean. Kirbati straddles the equator and the International Dateline halfway between Hawaii and Australia. ?For those who live in a world that relies on satellites, air, rail and ground transportation, manufacturing plants, electricity, heat, telephone, or TV, when the calendar clicks '99 to '00, we will experience a true millennial shift (Peterson).? As the sun moves westward on January 1, 2000 and the date shifts silently within millions of computerized systems, we will begin to experience our computer dependent world in a new way. At the stroke of midnight, the new millennium heralds the greatest challenge to modern society that we have yet to face as a planetary community. Whether we experience this as chaos or social transformation will be influenced by what we do immediately. What is theY2K (Year 2000) problem? When computer systems were built in the 1960's and 1970's computer hardware was too expensive. To reduce costs, programmers looked for ways to reduce data storage requirements. It was common for year to be stored in databases in two digit fields rather than four digits. Why is this a problem now? The systems built during this period were not very user friendly, but the computers were most critical to business operations. Because these systems of the 1960's and 1970's were not designed to run in multiple centuries, most will either produce incorrect information or simply fail at the end of the century. It may not sound like much effort to fix these machines, but in fact, it involves a great deal of time and expense. The Gartner Group, a respected information technology researcher, estimates that it will cost as much as $600 billion worldwide. If the problem is not addressed in time, the consequences could be catastrophic. There is currently widespread awareness that Y2K involves more than the failure of an individual's personal computer, or an incorrect date in a spreadsheet. ?It is now widely understood that Y2K could affect the lives of individuals, but exactly in what manner is unknown (Associated P 1).? Today computers are used to operate most mechanical equipment that affects every aspect of our lives. In 1991 the IRS has 88,000 programs on eighty mainframe computers to debug. By the end of 1997 they had cleaned up only two thousand programs. At that rate it would take the IRS 264 years to debug all 88,000 programs. Y2K is a technical problem that cannot be solved by technology, the first ever non negotiable deadline, a systematic crisis that no one can solve alone, a crisis that transcends boundaries and hierarchies, and an opportunity to simplify and redesign major systems (Peterson 1).? How bad is the Y2K problem? Many studies have been done to estimate the cost of addressing this problem. The Y2K problem would not be as serious today had business and government leaders dealt with the situation earlier. Consequently, a race against the clock is underway. For many organizations work has not even begun! Why isn't the Y2K being addressed? The biggest problem today is the lack of concern by many businesses and governments to take this problem seriously, in spite of literature available. Many people do not understand how a simple computer glitch could affect the world. Some business owners are aware of the problem but may be keeping silent in hopes of not spooking their stock. It is possible that many of our elected leaders do not see the potential of social and economic disaster. What could happen? Your telephone service is terminated because of errors in data calculations, your driver's license expires because the motor vehicle department cannot recognize dates after December 31, 1999, the department store rejects your credit card because your payment is 100 years overdue, your bank's automated teller swallows your card, thinking it has expired and your Social Security payments are cut off because the agency's computers miscalculate your age. ?While elsewhere, bank vaults refuse to open, building security systems fail, refusing to read coded cards or keys, and airline flight schedules are thrown into disarray because of flaws in the air traffic