Craniates - Crainata - the Animal Encyclopedia

Craniates - Crainata - the Animal Encyclopedia Craniates (Craniata) are a gathering of chordates that incorporates hagfish, lampreys, and jawed vertebrates, for example, creatures of land and water, winged creatures, reptiles, warm blooded animals, and fishes. Craniates are best portrayed as chordates that have a braincase (likewise called a head or a skull), mandible (jawbone) and other facial bones. Craniates do exclude less complex chordates, for example, lancelets and tunicates. A few craniates are sea-going and have gill cuts, not at all like the more crude lancelets which have pharyngeal cuts. Hagfishes Are the Most Primitive Among craniates, the most crude is the hagfishes. Hagfishes don't have a hard skull. Rather, their skull is comprised of ligament, a solid yet adaptable substance that comprises of the protein keratin. Hagfishes are the main living creature that has a skull however do not have a spine or vertebral section. First Evolved Around 480 Million Years Ago The main realized craniates were marine creatures that developed around 480 million years back. These early craniates are thought to have separated from lancelets. As undeveloped organisms, craniates have a one of a kind tissue called the neural peak. The neural peak forms into an assortment of structures in the grown-up creature, for example, nerve cells, ganglia, some endocrine organs, skeletal tissue, and connective tissue of the skull. Craniates, similar to all chordates, build up a notochord that is available in hagfishes and lampreys yet which vanishes in many vertebrates where it is supplanted by the vertebral segment. All Have an Internal Skeleton All craniates have an inside skeleton, additionally called an endoskeleton. The endoskeleton is comprised of either ligament or calcified bone. All craniates have a circulatory framework that comprises of courses, vessels, and veins. They likewise have a chambered heart (in vertebrates the circulatory framework is shut) and a pancreas and matched kidneys. In craniates, the stomach related tract comprises of a mouth, pharynx, throat, digestive system, rectum, and anus.â The Craniate Skull In the craniate skull, the olfactory organ is found front to different structures, trailed by matched eyes, combined ears. Likewise inside the skull is the cerebrum which is comprised of five sections, the romencephalon, metencephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon, and telencepahlon. Likewise present in the craniate skull are an assortment of nerves, for example, the olfactory, optic, trigeninal, facial, accoustic, glossopharygeal, and vagus cranial nerve.â Most craniates have particular male and female genders, albeit a few animal types are hemaphroditic. Most fish and creatures of land and water experience outer preparation and lay eggs while repeating while different craniates, (for example, well evolved creatures) bear live youthful. Characterization Craniates are characterized inside the accompanying ordered chain of command: Creatures Chordates Craniates Craniates are isolated into the accompanying scientific categorizations: Hagfishes (Myxini) - There are six types of hagfishes alive today. Individuals from this gathering have been the subject of much discussion about how they ought to be put inside the order of chordates. At present, hagfishes are viewed as most firmly identified with lampreys.Lampreys (Hyperoartia) - There are around 40 types of lampreys alive today. Individuals from this gathering incorporate northern lampreys, southern topeyed lampreys, and pouched lampreys. Lampreys have a long, thin body and a skeleton made of cartilage.Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) - There are around 53,000 types of jawed vertebrates alive today. Jawed vertebrates incorporate hard fishes, cartilaginous fishes, and tetrapods.

Garden art through the ages Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursery workmanship through the ages - Article Example Workmanship history has the significant goal of deciding the innovation of different works of the craftsmanship. In days of yore, anything delivered utilizing a machine would not qualify as workmanship however in the cutting edge time the extent of the investigation has expanded including the investigation of PC helped pictures. The historical backdrop of craftsmanship relies upon the curios. There is a set up method of creating a date when a given craftsmanship was done dependent on a specific antique that is accessible. The fine art was done quite a while back, however the antiquity is an introduction of the proof of the imaginative action that occurred. There are sure inquiries of worry to the workmanship student of history, and the primary inquiry is the age of the craftsmanship. The dates when the fine art was done can be built up in various manners. The student of history can utilize the physical proof of the material that was utilized to enhance a specific fine art. For instance, certain paints then the person can undoubtedly figure the age of the work of art from the current curio that depends on a given truth that the given material that was utilized didn't exist at a specific time in days of yore. Subsequently, the student of history can undoubtedly follow the age of the workmanship by minding the ancient rarity that is existing. A most punctual conceivable date and most recent conceivable date for the utilization of certain material, for example, particular sort of inks can be set up by the student of history. There are materials that are utilized by craftsmen at the present time and those that were utilized in the days of yore and in this way it turns out to be simple for the students of history to concoct a decisive age of the work of art dependent on material used to build the ancient rarity. The students of history likewise depend on narrative proof. This is on the grounds that it gave a trace of the date when a given article was expounded on a specific work of art that shows as physical ancient rarity that exists. This implies if a student of history needs to know the age of a curio, the person just searches for the recorded books where the antiquated specialists

Aptitude For Altitude Babson Freshman Begins Ascent

Aptitude For Altitude: Babson Freshman Begins Ascent by: Pearly Tan on December 04, 2018 | 0 Comments Comments 769 Views December 4, 2018Kai Lightner climbs in Yosemite, California. The Babson College freshman has dreams of competing in the Olympics. Adidas photoHe’s a climber — and not just metaphorically. Babson College freshman Kai Lightner has been rock climbing for more than half his life — and winning competition for almost as long as that. At 10, he won his first first-place at the National Youth Sport Championship. Four years later, he took top honors in the International Federation of Sport Climbing Youth World Championship. Now, after more than a decade of competition, Lightner has begun his college career  at Babson — while eyeing Olympic glory in 2020 in Tokyo, where competitive climbing will be featured for the first time.â€Å"I train five days a week, with two different coaches, in the morning and in the evenings,† Lightner, no w 19, tells PoetsQuants For Undergrads. He says he plans to  major in business management or marketing. â€Å"I love the fact that Babson’s culture is so focused on being interactive, hands-on, and experiential, and it does make things a little challenging when I have to be in school to do all that, but it’s why I chose Babson.†A BUDDING STAR AND HIS DEDICATED MANAGERKai Lightner. August Heim photoConstance Lightner, Kais mother, says it all started with a boy who had a ton of energy. As Kai seemed to display traits normally associated with ADHD, she was advised to have him diagnosed — and possibly medicated. Instead, she made sure he had an organized schedule where he knew what to expect and what was expected of him. And then she tried to figure out what to do with all that preteen energy.  Kais dad, who was no longer involved in their lives, was 6 feet 9 inches tall, and Constance knew she was raising a young man who would grow up to be an energetic — and big — black man whom the world would not go easy on. The answer came in their hometown gym in Fayetteville, North Carolina, where Kai discovered that he had an aptitude on the climbing wall. More than   an aptitude: He was really, really good, and whats more, he loved it. Little did either mother or son know that Constance encouraging Kai in the sport would bring out his competitive side in other things, as well — particularly his ambition to excel in business education.Constance, who has been chair of the Department of Marketing, Management, and Entrepreneurship at Fayetteville State University for eight years, said once Kai showed a real love and aptitude for climbing, she began taking him to gyms all over the world to compete. And as he learned to navigate the sport and the crevices and crannies of countless climbs, she learned the ropes of another occupation: manager for her budding star of a son.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We’ve been asked to get him an agen t many times, but because I am mom, I negotiate differently, Constance tells PQ. When people realize that I’m also department chair for Marketing, Management, and Entrepreneurship, they realize I know what I’m doing. Its certainly not all about money. Kai needed time to be a kid, too, Constance says. I want balance for him. It’s not just about money, and definitely not always about the highest price. I needed the balance of allowing my kid to be a kid, and we turned down big contracts because I wasn’t OK with what they wanted from him. He needs time for himself.†Ã‚  Among Kais current sponsors:  Adidas Outdoor and Clif Bar.A LOVING MOM LEADING BY EXAMPLEStarting out, Constance says, Kai was often teased by his peers for â€Å"acting white† as he persisted in the sport of climbing, where competitions have long been dominated by Europeans. But he persisted, and his mother helped keep his eyes on the prize. Working her full-time job at Fayette ville State, she would go home in the evening to help Kai with homework before bringing him to the gym. She helped to belay him during his training until it grew dark outside. Then they’d go home, eat, shower, and go straight to bed — and do it all again the next day. By the time Kai was 13, they were traveling every weekend, Constance says. There was no time for her to â€Å"have a life,† but she was OK with that. â€Å"I saw it as an investment to put in a kid, to make him great in life, she says. If not, he could be a menace for the next 60 to 70 years.†Now, as Kai takes on the challenge of business school while pursuing his passion, he says the biggest hurdle has been time management — something he fortunately has some experience with, having had to study on planes and at competitions for many years. How successful was he? He was his high school valedictorian upon graduation in 2016, having taken not only AP classes but also additional communit y college courses.Kai Lightner at the 2014 Youth World championships. Courtesy Constance Lightner Page 1 of 212 »

The Star Math Assessment A Comprehensive Assessment Tool

STAR Math Assessment The STAR Math Assessment ® is a standardized comprehensive assessment tool that provides educators with a surplus of information. The assessment is generally administered three times throughout a school year to provide beginning, middle and end of year data concerning student progress. Educators have the option of assessing students more frequently, but are advised not to administer more than once per quarter. The test is divided into content strands, and provides scaled scores, percentile ranks, student growth percentiles, grade equivalence, and math instructional level. In addition the STAR ® software allows educators to generate student progress monitoring, growth, diagnostic, and instructional planning reports.†¦show more content†¦In addition to individual reports, educators may also generate instructional planning for a group of learners. This aspect of the assessment will aid in the action research as it will provide information vital to lesson planning and direction of the activities throughout the study. The individual reports will provide information concerning student understanding and mastery, allowing the researcher to monitor student progress throughout the study. It needs to be noted that the STAR test changes as students age, and during administration, responds according to student answers. When analyzing these scores, educators need to be cognizant to look for growth instead of changes in scores and ranks. Data Analysis In analyzing data I will utilize Maxwell’s Criteria for Validity of Qualitative Research. According to Job (2015), Maxwell’s criteria include the components of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. When pursuing credibility the researcher must consider the minute details of a study and search for emerging themes that are supported throughout the data. In this light I will seek to triangulate field note data with the data collected from the benchmark and

Analysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby Essay - 1060 Words

Name__________Lina Qi______________Hour___________6________ AP Lit. and Comp. Novel/Play Review Sheet 1. Title: The Great Gatsby Significance of title: The title of the book is ironic in the sense that Gatsby, the main protangonist of the story, has gained wealth and celebrity like status in the West Egg only with the help of shamming others and deceiving those around him. In the end, Gatsby is dead and the empire of wealth and reputation has shattered despite how great he is. 3. Author: F. Scott Fitzgerald Characters 4. Protagonist(s): Jay Gatsby 5. Antagonist(s): 1.Tom Buchanan 6. Important minor characters: 1. Daisy Buchanan 2. Nick Carraway 3. Myrtle Wilson 4. Jordan Baker 7. Who changes and why? Nick changes throughout the book. He starts off fascinated by the exciting lives of New Yorkers and tired of the small towns in the midwest. However, by the end of the book, Nick realizes that the superficiality of their lives and returns to the wholesome midwest. 8. What relationships are important and why? Gatsby and Daisy’s relationship is important because since the two of them had an affair, their redezvous becomes dangerous and ends up in the murder of Gatsby and Myrtle. Setting 9. Important places: 1.East and West Egg, New York 2.Gatsby Mansion 10. How does setting influence character, plot, etc.? The setting shows a divide between those who have connections and are filthy rich compared to the unkown recently made rich people in New York. InShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby 1707 Words   |  7 PagesJeremy Doniger Mrs. McInerny English 10H 17 March 2015 The Nature of Duality in The Great Gatsby The midwest is known for down-to-earth goodness, for wholesome, satisfying conceptions of morality that satisfied the masses of people who immigrated there in the 19th and 20th centuries. Morality, in that conventional, midwestern way, is merely a set of rules governing the difference between right and wrong - a simple duality. Dualistic thought suffices for us most because it is simple and it makesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby 839 Words   |  4 PagesMia Mooko AP Lang. Summer Assignment 30 July 2016 The Great Gatsby Section One: 1. By the third paragraph of the third chapter, verb tense changes. What is the effect of this change, or what do you think it s purpose is? When describing Gatsby s parties, Fitzgerald switches from past to present tense not only to make the reader feel as if they are engulfed in the festivities, but to also emphasize the repetitiveness and predictability of his parties. By using present tense, the readerRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby 928 Words   |  4 Pagesthe â€Å"History of the Dream†, the American Dream is enshrined as our national motto. The American Dream lives in each and every one living in the United States. However, there are different variants that described it. For example, in the movie The Great Gatsby the main characters portrayed his dream as the acquisition of properties and money. While similar in the movie The Wolf of Wall Street alcohol, drugs, sex and wealth are the epitome of the American Dream. When one thinks about the American DreamRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby 1138 Words   |  5 Pagespeople in the United States. The novel The Great Gatsby documents this time period with a precise attention to the culture clash that resulted from this era. This culture clash is emphasised by the climax of the novel, with a conflict between Gatsby and Tom Buchanan. The division of East and West Egg due to geographic and sociopolitical factors provides the initial preconceptions necessary to spark the main conflict of the novel between Tom Buchanan and Gatsby. The most important fact in establishingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby 1533 Words   |  7 PagesA Mirage in a Desert: The Duality of Dreams in The Great Gatsby Dreamers are those who dedicate themselves to bringing the world in their minds into reality, unwilling to accept compromise. Dreams are the realities that everyone holds in their minds giving their lives meaning and direction, but what happens when a dreamer dreams a dream far too grand for reality? Scott F. Fitzgerald critically examines the duality of dreams in The Great Gatsby, a story about a young gentleman trying to achieveRead MoreAp Book Analysis Of The Great Gatsby959 Words   |  4 PagesAP Book Report 1. Title of Work: 2. Author and date written: The author who wrote the was was F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the era of when the book was written was 1920’s. 3. Country of author: Fitzgerald was raised in St. Paul Minnesota but was later shipped off to boarding school in New Jersey. 4.Characters (label as major and minor) Major:Jay Gatsby- Gatsby was a big entrepreneur with â€Å"new money† and was one of the wealthiest men in the city, he had a long lost love named Daisy, they loved eachRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1388 Words   |  6 Pages3rd person, hopfully only this chapter Once there was a boy. His name was Ross Howner. He was only a peasent to most, he lived in a small village called skedia in the far corner of the kindom masonia. Just as every other person though, he had a secret. His secret was far more greater then most. You see, Ross was a warlock, so he had magic. But if anyone found out he would be hung at the sight,  for the kind of Masonia despised magic.  His mother was the only one who knew about his magic, for  sheRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay953 Words   |  4 Pages Part two begins slowly and adds more confusion. The story is overly convoluted with new characters and new events. Instead of Chris working on figuring out who’s after him and finding the chip, the story changes directions and it turns into stopping a major explosion and about a new world order. Also, James dominates part two, not Chris. In fact, characters well established in part one, are not active in part two, such as Kurt Slowensky. Part two spends too much time on the hypnosis scene, theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1655 Words   |  7 Pageswhere to find everything.† Fiona proceeded to show Casey all the rooms set aside for the guests. The parlor looked cozy stocked with books. There was the dining area and a small kitchenette with snacks and drinks in case guests got hungry after the kitchen closed. Finally, Fiona pointed toward a door leading to her prized garden. â€Å"Some of our guests will take a book outside to read, especially now with all the colorful flowers and pleasant weather.† â€Å"That sounds lovely, but I doubt I’ll have the timeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald867 Words   |  4 PagesTord was nearly sobbing, on his knees, looking up with his mouth open like a pathetic animal. His whole body was covered in various scratches, bruises, cuts, and teeth marks. Tears flowed gently from the corners of his eyes, desperate for any attention from the brutal man with the keys to the handcuffs that were currently on him. He had been teased and fucked and slapped over again, for what seems like hours and hours, in complete bliss. Tom had the upperhand the whole time, being able to do whatever

Management Accounting Activity-Based Costing

Question: Describe about the Management Accounting for Activity-Based Costing. Answer: Introduction The economic structure of the world works on the functioning of all the organizations producing variety of products according to the demand in the economic market. The firms operating in the market have their prime intension to maximize their profit by reducing their cost of production and increasing their sales in the market. The organizations take drastic steps through proper evaluation of the production process to reduce their production costs. The cost of production can be reduced by calculating the costs through various cost accounting formulas and creating cost models to improve the business conditions. This report analyses cost calculation functions of Island Wheels Ltd, a producer of bicycles. They produce three different varieties of bicycles, namely Road, Trek and BMX. This organization is a small manufacturing company and thus is not of the same standard with the big brands in the market. They produce quality products, which are mostly hand-made and thus has a good established customer base. The enterprise is in the opinion of expanding and thus requires predicting their future overhead costs to ascertain an increase in production. The firm also wants to find out their production cost if they increase their labor hours and machine times. Island Wheels Ltd are in the opinion of applying ABC ( Activity-based costing) to their business and understand and reduce the cost of production. The report will evaluate and analyze the different aspects, which are in concern to Island Wheel Ltd to expand and reduce their product cost and cost of production. The purpose of a cost formula and the components of the cost formula Island Wheels Ltd, a manufacturer of bicycles is in the opinion of expanding and thus requires the need for cost accounting. Cost accounting refers to a process of recording, collecting and evaluating the costs involved in production. It is helpful in ascertaining the best course of action through cost efficiency. This process is helpful to the management in controlling the present operations of the firm and plans a better production structure for future. The elements, which are necessary for the calculation of the cost accounting, are raw materials, labor and fixed and variable overheads. Incase of Island Wheels Ltd , cost estimation methods are essential to determine the best cost formula method to calculate their proceedings. The organization has mixed costs in the information provided by John and is comprised of variable and fixed costs. The management needs to segregate the mixed cost into fixed and variable to predict and plan for the future according to the cost behavior. Cost estimation is done through various cost formulas, which are essential to determine the present and future cost trends of the organization[1]. The management of Island Wheels takes help from these formulas to take drastic decisions for the improvement of the firm. The different types of cost formulas are as follows: Account Analysis Scatter graph High-low method Linear regression The above four are the most generally used cost formulas by any organization and in case of Island Wheels a proper analysis of all these four methods will be taken to find out the best cost formulating techniques for the organization. Island Wheels Ltd does not have any differentiated fixed and variable costs and thus these formulas are necessary for Island Wheels Ltd. The ultimate purpose of cost estimation is to find out the fixed and variable costs, which is helpful to create a cost formula in accordance with Island Wheels Ltd to estimate their future costs. The different modes of cost estimation formulas are as follows: Determination of Cost formulas Account analysis method This method of analysis of fixed and variable costs is done to identify the cost behavior in the managerial accounting. This process requires just looking at the cost, which is incurred and predict its closest cost behavior. The method requires the accountants have a subjective judgment and insight about the different costs. The accountants need to have a good knowledge about the nature of the costs. This method is an approach to predict the costs only when information about one period is known. Incase of Island Wheels Ltd, the analysis examines each costs individually and then based on the insight, differentiates into fixed and variable costs. The variable costs are all added and the variable per unit cost is calculated by dividing the total variable cost by the total number goods produced and sold. The variable cost per unit is put in to the cost formula as the variable costs and the total costs are added to find out the total fixed cost component of the equation[2]. The cost equation created from these operations is used to determine the future costs of an organization. Island Wheels being a small manufacturing unit will not try to undertake this process as it involves the use of a predictive mechanism to try and realize their fixed and variable costs of production. The process can bring out errors and good knowledge of the accountant is required and so for this organization, to calculate the actual costs this method need not be used. Scatter Graph method This process involves the creation of a scatter graph after which a predicted fixed and variable costs are determined. This method provides a visual image of the total costs at different activity levels of Island Wheels Ltd. The only problem with this method is that it is very hard to visualize the cost equation line from the information points and especially when the information is variable from time to time. The different steps in this process involves drawing of a graph with the y-axis consisting of the total costs and the x-axis of the units. The total costs of Island Wheels are pointed on the graph. The points, which are plotted on the graph are connected to form a straight line. Then the variable cost per unit is identified by looking at the slope by calculating the difference between the total costs and the difference between the units[3]. The point at which the line crosses the y-axis is the total fixed cost. Thus the formula of cost is: Y= VC+TFC Island Wheels has its information about calculating the costs from this method and but as this process is complex and requires a lot of time, the organization will not apply it as the owner Mr. John has asked the report to be submitted by Monday. High-Low Method This is one of the major formula used to calculate the fixed and variable costs. This method uses the highest and the lowest levels of activities from the information set of Island Wheels to find out the parts, which are fixed and variable out of the total mixed costs. The method might not prove to be trustworthy if the information set is not in accordance with the normal level of activities. But in this case, Island Wheels has a proper data set and so this method can be applied. The method applies the costs shown at the highest and the lowest points from the information of Island Wheels and calculates the fixed and variable costs which is useful to determine the cost of product. The variable costs per unit is calculated by the mathematical slope formula, which segregates the cost change by the activity change. The variable cost per unit determined from the data set of Island Wheels is inserted in place of the variable cost The total fixed cost is then calculated by inserting the total cost into the dependent variable and highest activity point for the independent variable. The solutions are then plugged into the cost formula to ascertain the answer for Island Wheels. This process is the simplest method to calculate the desired requirements for Island Wheels and this process will bring out the best result for them according to their information set. Linear Regression Method This is a statistical method used to determine the average amount of change in the dependent variable along with a single unit change in one or more independent variables. This method uses all the observations available for Island Wheels Ltd and then analyses them. The method involves the use of mathematical formulas to find out the regression line that reduces the total of the squared errors. The method is a complex process as it involves the need to calculate the coefficients and the standard errors[4]. As this process requires mathematical formulas, it becomes difficult for many accountants to follow. Island Wheels does not have the required set of data available to calculate from this method and thus this method is not acceptable for this organization. John Cruise the owner of Island Wheels Ltd unaware of which cost formula to be used for the improvement of the organization. All the above cost formulas are appropriate for analysis for any organization. According to the information available from Island Wheels Ltd, it is found that two scatter graphs representing the regression statistics for output of labor and the regression statistics for the output of machines are given. An appendix containing the labor hours, machine hours and the overhead costs of the organization for a year is provided. These are the only information available from Island Wheels Ltd. All the formulas can be put into use but account analysis involves evaluation through insight and knowledge about the accountant to segregate the costs into fixed and variable, which can bring out wrong results if the knowledge about the activities are not sufficient. The regression analysis uses all the observations available in the set and by using of mathematical formulas, the actual costs are determined. The process is a complex one and thus is not widely used by the accountants. The scatter graph is provided by the organization in this case but calculation of slope from the graph and then inserting the relevant data in the formula requires a lengthy process. Thus incase of Island Wheels Ltd the best possible technique which can be implemented is the high low method because this process is a simple one taking only the highest and the lowest points from the data set. This process is user friendly and takes less time thus giving an accurate result. The information provided by John Cruise is true and just according to the actual activities and so the calculation from this method is true and fair. Thus high low method will be taken for evaluating the information of Island Wheels Ltd and thus the information given about the labor hours, machine hours and the overhead costs will be taken into account to find out the fixed and variable costs. Evaluation of Costs for Island Wheels Ltd The organization provides the labor hour rate and machine rate along with the overhead costs to determine the costs of the organization. The computation of fixed and variable costs for the machine hours and labor hours for this organization is given below: Labor Hours Slope Coefficient (Variable Cost) = Y2-Y1/X2-X1 = 82,150-53,000/7500-2500 = $ 5.83 Constant (Fixed Cost) = 82,150- ( $5.83*7,500) = $ 38, 425 Labor Hour estimating equation (Total Cost) = $ 38,425+ $ 5.83 = $ 38,430.83 Machine Hours Slope Coefficient (Variable Cost) = Y2-Y1/X2-X1 = 82,150-53,000/ 1750-680 Variable Cost = $ 27.24 Constant (Fixed Cost) = 82,150 ( $27.24 * 1750) Fixed Cost = $ 34,480 Machine hour estimation (Total Cost) = $ 34,480 + $ 27.24 Total Cost = $ 34,507.24 From the above, Y2= highest overhead cost Y1= lowest overhead cost X2= highest activity unit X1= lowest activity unit Thus it is observed that the total cost, fixed and variable costs of labor and machine is calculated giving the organization and John Cruise a proper report to analyze the cost of production. It is observed that the prediction through high low method has validity and can be used to calculate the costs for Island Wheels Ltd[5]. Product Cost Evaluation of Road, Trek and BMX Island Wheels Ltd also needs to know the future costs of their products if their sales increase over the next month. The calculation of predicted costs in accordance with the high-low method is as follows: Cost for Road Bicycles Formula: Direct Materials per gram*Cost of materials+ Direct Labor*Wage Rate+ Estimated Labor Overhead+ Estimated Machine Overhead/ Sales Number intended for the next month = 750* $160+ $80 * 2.5+ $ 37,000 + $ 43,000/ 1500 = $ 133.46 Cost for Trek Cycles Formula: Direct Materials per gram*Cost of materials+ Direct Labor*Wage Rate+ Estimated Labor Overhead+ Estimated Machine Overhead/ Sales Number intended for the next month Product cost = 1400* $160 + $80 * 3 + 37,000+43,000/1000 = $ 304.24 Cost for BMX Formula: Direct Materials per gram*Cost of materials+ Direct Labor*Wage Rate+ Estimated Labor Overhead+ Estimated Machine Overhead/ Sales Number intended for the next month Product cost= 850 * $160 + 1.5 * $ 80 + 37,000 + 43,000 = $ 432.24 Road Product Cost= $133.46 Trek Product Cost= $304.24 BMX Product Cost= $ 432.24 It is observed that BMX range of cycles have the highest product cost and Road cycles has the lowest with respect to the information available from ISLAND Wheels Ltd. Concept of Activity Based Costing The organization Island Wheels Ltd is also in the opinion that they would like to apply Activity based costing in their organization. The ABC (activity based costing) is also a type of costing which is useful for decision making for an organization. ABC method finds out the activities and functions of an enterprise and designates the cost of all the functions of the business according to the raw materials of the products and services and real consumption made by the activities. Island Wheels Ltd having its own set of data comprising of direct and indirect costs is can be implemented in this method and the method changes its indirect costs into direct costs This method can be useful to Island Wheels Ltd to improve the costing efficiency and realizing the real costs and the products and services, which are profitable[6]. ABC method mostly deals with the true costs and transforms many indirect costs of traditional method into direct methods. The method actually reflects the true usage o f resource in every item. The process is helpful in determining the actual activity of cost information of Island Wheels Ltd to concentrate on the operational areas, which needs improvement. This method though points out the cost information of each activity and raw materials used in the finished product for Island Wheels by assessing the labor hours, machine hours and the estimated product cost of their products , but the process is vey lengthy, expensive and complex, which lead to a number of errors while evaluating[7]. This process is useful in the long- run where the product costing can be determined but is not useful in day to- day decision making. Island Wheels though are in opinion on adopting this process but this process will not be suitable for the firm as it is a small firm having its office and manufacturing unit at the same location. The information available from Island Wheels Ltd regarding their cost of raw materials and other factors of production need to be analyzed in detail converting the indirect costs into direct costs and then evaluating according to the needs and requirements asked by Mr. John[8]. The organization has limited goals for future and if Activity based costing, method is implemented then it will lead to extension in the work process of the organization, as it requires a tedious and lengthy work process. The process is complex and can lead to errors, which are not required by the organization. Benefits of Activity based costing The method identifies the cost of a product or service more efficiently and the information is reliable as it concentrates more on the related series events between cost and activities while manufacturing a product or service. There exists a fair and true fixed selling price of the goods as the overheads are derived based on a proper driver of costs. The fixed and variable overheads can be properly controlled by proper supervision over the activities. As there exists a transparency between the linkage between the cost and activities, the overhead costs can be easily controlled. Through this process, a considerable amount of information is available which is essential for decision making about the profitability of different goods. Proper allocation of overheads utilizes a large part in the total costs. Limitations of Activity based costing It is complex to find out the total activities, which influence cost. The most appropriate cost driven forces are not easy to identify. The determination of cost on the basis of activities are difficult to obtain. The process is not suitable for small manufacturing firms. It can be seen that ABC method has many benefits, which can be useful for Island Wheels Ltd for long-term process. However, this benefit does not hold true for this organization because limitations of ABC method state that this process is not ideal for a small firm[9]. Island Wheels is a small manufacturing company and so it is of consideration that this method should not be implemented within the organization. The traditional costing method is ideal for Island Wheels Ltd and the information available for this organization can be used to evaluate the fixed and variable costs along with future estimated product cost by High Low method of cost formula. Recommendation on introduction of ABC From the above analysis of ABC method, it is observed that this process is a complex and tedious technique, which is very expensive and this method has a tendency to generate errors. It is known that Island Wheels Ltd is a small manufacturing organization , which produces quality hand- made bicycles and does not compete with the branded companies competing in the market. Being a small concern it is not advisable to implement activity based costing in their business process as this would increase the overall costs and will affect the production function[10]. The traditional method of costing is thus advisable for this organization. Conclusion The above report shows that the organization Island Wheels Ltd being a small manufacturing unit uses the best cost formula technique. In this case High Low Method is the best technique to evaluate the total fixed and variable costs for the enterprise. High Low method is a simple technique and the information available from the organization can be best used to calculate the estimated cost of the product. This formula is essential for Island Wheels Ltd because being a small concern it can easily identify its cost of production and will also be helpful to determine the process which can be implemented to expand in the near future through increase in sales and reducing product costs. The estimated product costs of their goods namely the Road, Trek and BMX are also calculated according to the estimated sales for the next month. The merits and demerits of activity based costing are also analyzed and it is found that it is not profitable to undertake this method of costing for this enterpri se as it involves a complex method of evaluation and the infrastructure available to the firm is not adequate to undertake this costing method. Reference List Becker, Sebastian D., Andreas Wald, Christian Gessner, and Ronald Gleich. "The role of perceived attributes for the diffusion of innovations in cost accounting: The case of Activity-Based Costing."COMPTABILITE CONTROLE AUDIT21, no. 1 (2015): 105-137. Chuk, Elizabeth, Dawn Matsumoto, and Gregory S. Miller. "Assessing methods of identifying management forecasts: CIG vs. researcher collected."Journal of Accounting and Economics55, no. 1 (2013): 23-42. Crosson, Susan V., and Belverd E. Needles.Managerial accounting. Cengage Learning, 2013. Degeorge, Franois, Yuan Ding, Thomas Jeanjean, and Herv Stolowy. "Analyst coverage, earnings management and financial development: An international study."Journal of Accounting and Public Policy32, no. 1 (2013): 1-25. Demski, Joel.Managerial uses of accounting information. Springer Science Business Media, 2013. DRURY, COLIN M.Management and cost accounting. Springer, 2013. Elhamma, Azzouz, and Y. I. Zhang. "The relationship between activity based costing, business strategy and performance in moroccan enterprises."Accounting and Management Information Systems12, no. 1 (2013): 22. Goetsch, David L., and Stanley B. Davis.Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson, 2014. Huang, Xuan, Siew Hong Teoh, and Yinglei Zhang. "Tone management."The Accounting Review89, no. 3 (2013): 1083-1113. Hopper, Trevor, and Binh Bui. "Has management accounting research been critical?."Management Accounting Research31 (2016): 10-30. Kaplan, Robert S., and Anthony A. Atkinson.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning, 2015. Kaplan, Robert, and Steven R. Anderson.Time-driven activity-based costing: a simpler and more powerful path to higher profits. Harvard business press, 2013. Kim, Yongtae, Siqi Li, Carrie Pan, and Luo Zuo. "The role of accounting conservatism in the equity market: Evidence from seasoned equity offerings."The Accounting Review88, no. 4 (2013): 1327-1356. Monroy, Carlos Rodriguez, Azadeh Nasiri, and Miguel ngel Pelez. "Activity Based Costing, Time-Driven Activity Based Costing and Lean Accounting: Differences among three accounting systems approach to manufacturing." InAnnals of Industrial Engineering 2012, pp. 11-17. Springer London, 2014. Needles, Belverd E., Marian Powers, and Susan V. Crosson.Financial and managerial accounting. Nelson Education, 2013. Suomala, Petri, Jouni Lyly-Yrjninen, and Kari Lukka. "Battlefield around interventions: A reflective analysis of conducting interventionist research in management accounting."Management Accounting Research25, no. 4 (2014): 304-314.. Smith, Malcolm.Research methods in accounting. Sage, 2014. Ward, Keith.Strategic management accounting. Routledge, 2012. Waters, Peter M. "Value in Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery Health Care: the Role of Time-driven Activity-based Cost Accounting (TDABC) and Standardized Clinical Assessment and Management Plans (SCAMPs)."Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics35 (2015): S45-S47. Weygandt, Jerry J., Paul D. Kimmel, and Donald E. Kieso.Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons, 2015. .Whitecotton, Stacey, Robert Libby, and Fred Phillips.Managerial accounting. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2013.

The Millenium Bug Essays - Calendars, Software Bugs, COBOL, Hazards

The Millenium Bug The Millennium Bug The millennial sun will first rise over human civilization in the independent republic of Kirbati, a group of thirty low lying coral islands in the Pacific Ocean. Kirbati straddles the equator and the International Dateline halfway between Hawaii and Australia. ?For those who live in a world that relies on satellites, air, rail and ground transportation, manufacturing plants, electricity, heat, telephone, or TV, when the calendar clicks '99 to '00, we will experience a true millennial shift (Peterson).? As the sun moves westward on January 1, 2000 and the date shifts silently within millions of computerized systems, we will begin to experience our computer dependent world in a new way. At the stroke of midnight, the new millennium heralds the greatest challenge to modern society that we have yet to face as a planetary community. Whether we experience this as chaos or social transformation will be influenced by what we do immediately. What is theY2K (Year 2000) problem? When computer systems were built in the 1960's and 1970's computer hardware was too expensive. To reduce costs, programmers looked for ways to reduce data storage requirements. It was common for year to be stored in databases in two digit fields rather than four digits. Why is this a problem now? The systems built during this period were not very user friendly, but the computers were most critical to business operations. Because these systems of the 1960's and 1970's were not designed to run in multiple centuries, most will either produce incorrect information or simply fail at the end of the century. It may not sound like much effort to fix these machines, but in fact, it involves a great deal of time and expense. The Gartner Group, a respected information technology researcher, estimates that it will cost as much as $600 billion worldwide. If the problem is not addressed in time, the consequences could be catastrophic. There is currently widespread awareness that Y2K involves more than the failure of an individual's personal computer, or an incorrect date in a spreadsheet. ?It is now widely understood that Y2K could affect the lives of individuals, but exactly in what manner is unknown (Associated P 1).? Today computers are used to operate most mechanical equipment that affects every aspect of our lives. In 1991 the IRS has 88,000 programs on eighty mainframe computers to debug. By the end of 1997 they had cleaned up only two thousand programs. At that rate it would take the IRS 264 years to debug all 88,000 programs. Y2K is a technical problem that cannot be solved by technology, the first ever non negotiable deadline, a systematic crisis that no one can solve alone, a crisis that transcends boundaries and hierarchies, and an opportunity to simplify and redesign major systems (Peterson 1).? How bad is the Y2K problem? Many studies have been done to estimate the cost of addressing this problem. The Y2K problem would not be as serious today had business and government leaders dealt with the situation earlier. Consequently, a race against the clock is underway. For many organizations work has not even begun! Why isn't the Y2K being addressed? The biggest problem today is the lack of concern by many businesses and governments to take this problem seriously, in spite of literature available. Many people do not understand how a simple computer glitch could affect the world. Some business owners are aware of the problem but may be keeping silent in hopes of not spooking their stock. It is possible that many of our elected leaders do not see the potential of social and economic disaster. What could happen? Your telephone service is terminated because of errors in data calculations, your driver's license expires because the motor vehicle department cannot recognize dates after December 31, 1999, the department store rejects your credit card because your payment is 100 years overdue, your bank's automated teller swallows your card, thinking it has expired and your Social Security payments are cut off because the agency's computers miscalculate your age. ?While elsewhere, bank vaults refuse to open, building security systems fail, refusing to read coded cards or keys, and airline flight schedules are thrown into disarray because of flaws in the air traffic

Free Essays on The Book of the Grotesque

From the title of first chapter in Winesburg, Ohio, â€Å"The Book of the Grotesque†, it is clear to see Sherwood Anderson’s preoccupation with the â€Å"grotesque†. But what does â€Å"grotesque† mean in Anderson’s fiction? The definitions of grotesque, as offered in the Collins English Mini Dictionary, are ‘strangely distorted’ and ‘absurd’ (1). However, the â€Å"grotesques† in Winesburg, Ohio are not necessarily repulsive despite their absurdity. Malcolm Cowley, in his introduction to Winesburg, Ohio, defined the â€Å"grotesques† as ‘solitary persons’ whose lives have been distorted by their inability to express themselves. (2) It is the life experiences that have made the characters in the short stories â€Å"grotesques†. Being â€Å"grotesque† also means that the ‘figures... are not, nor are they meant to be, â€Å"fully-rounded† characters – they are the shards of life, glimpsed for a moment, the debris of suffering and defeat.’ (3) We only see the â€Å"grotesques† at the point in their life that they are seeking contact with the world, when they are displaying the characteristics that make them â€Å"grotesque†. David D. Anderson argues that the word â€Å"grotesque† does not ‘connote revulsion or disgust’. He compares them to the ‘gnarled, twisted apples’ (4) in â€Å"Paper Pills†, which are left behind because of their surface blemishes. The â€Å"grotesques† are rejected because they are different but their spiritual ills mean that they require more love and understanding. (5) In addition to this, Edwin Fussel states that the â€Å"grotesques† must not be thought of as necessarily unattractive. The truths that lurk within them include positive or neutral properties or conditions such as ‘the truth of virginity and the truth of passion, the truth of wealth and of poverty’. (6) The grotesques are not malicious just confused and afraid. However, as Irving Howe argues, the â€Å"grotesques† are not simply... Free Essays on The Book of the Grotesque Free Essays on The Book of the Grotesque From the title of first chapter in Winesburg, Ohio, â€Å"The Book of the Grotesque†, it is clear to see Sherwood Anderson’s preoccupation with the â€Å"grotesque†. But what does â€Å"grotesque† mean in Anderson’s fiction? The definitions of grotesque, as offered in the Collins English Mini Dictionary, are ‘strangely distorted’ and ‘absurd’ (1). However, the â€Å"grotesques† in Winesburg, Ohio are not necessarily repulsive despite their absurdity. Malcolm Cowley, in his introduction to Winesburg, Ohio, defined the â€Å"grotesques† as ‘solitary persons’ whose lives have been distorted by their inability to express themselves. (2) It is the life experiences that have made the characters in the short stories â€Å"grotesques†. Being â€Å"grotesque† also means that the ‘figures... are not, nor are they meant to be, â€Å"fully-rounded† characters – they are the shards of life, glimpsed for a moment, the debris of suffering and defeat.’ (3) We only see the â€Å"grotesques† at the point in their life that they are seeking contact with the world, when they are displaying the characteristics that make them â€Å"grotesque†. David D. Anderson argues that the word â€Å"grotesque† does not ‘connote revulsion or disgust’. He compares them to the ‘gnarled, twisted apples’ (4) in â€Å"Paper Pills†, which are left behind because of their surface blemishes. The â€Å"grotesques† are rejected because they are different but their spiritual ills mean that they require more love and understanding. (5) In addition to this, Edwin Fussel states that the â€Å"grotesques† must not be thought of as necessarily unattractive. The truths that lurk within them include positive or neutral properties or conditions such as ‘the truth of virginity and the truth of passion, the truth of wealth and of poverty’. (6) The grotesques are not malicious just confused and afraid. However, as Irving Howe argues, the â€Å"grotesques† are not simply...

Analysis of selected passages from Othello by William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Analysis of selected passages from Othello by William Shakespeare Essay Othello (345) , Iago (201) , Desdemona (196) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints When William Shakespeare made use of the stylist devices he thus tried to paint a multi-dimensional image of his perceptions that he extended in his characters till the limits of reality and belief. And to design variety in this frame of multi-dimensionality Shakespeare not only expressed through the words in the lines which the characters uttered rather the formation of the words and the lines also revealed certain patterns that could be decoded to detect even more subtle reasons and justification behind those expressions. Such flow and expertise of expressing the conceptions cannot be taught easily through the science of writing rather it required the unschooled instinctive ability like Shakespeare’s to play with the words with a unique skill of potency that can metamorphosed the words to survive as the animated version of Shakespeare’s intellect and vision even after being uttered by the characters in the play. In the following excerpts from the play ‘Othello’, there is a variety of Shakespeare’s usage of stylistic devices to arrange words in order to express the difference of thoughts, moods, intensions and beliefs of the protagonist (Othello) and also how the use of such words in a specific style cater in constructing the plot and developing the characters. Theres magic in the web of it. A sybil that had numbered in the world The sun to course two hundred compasses, In her prophetic fury sewed the work; the worms were hallowed that did break the silk, And it was dyed in mummy which the skillful Conserved the maidens hearts. These lines are from the IV scene of the Third Act of the play, and they are uttered on the grounds of misunderstanding that is set by Iago in the mind of Othello. If we observe closely these lines summarize the truth that Othello is ignorant about and the words reveal the irony that Othello has become a victim of. The use of the words like â€Å"magic† and â€Å"web† are justifiable elements of the speech of a contaminated brain and the word â€Å"magic† can be the symbol of Iago’s spell of poisoning Othello’s mind with suspicion and â€Å"web† can be the symbol for the perplexed state of Othello’s mind, which lost the ability to think and trust his own reasons. And the two hundred years old â€Å"sibyl† can be a metaphor for the evil master minded Iago, whose â€Å"prophetic fury† fabricated the whole chaos to take his revenge. The â€Å"silk† can be speculated as a metaphor for the love of Desdemona that came out of her â€Å"hallowed† trust and faith. And the word â€Å"dyed† can be taken as a pun (when analyzing these lines from symbolic references), as the faithful and sacred love of Desdemona ‘dyed’ or â€Å"died† within her â€Å"maiden heart†. The worth and value purposely exaggerated by Othello is a fine example of hyperbolic fantasies that Shakespeare is capable of designing. And thus the handkerchief becomes the symbol of the thin threaded relationship of Othello and Desdemona that was based on superficial beliefs and yet sought the possibility of sustenance of their love. It is the cause, it is the cause, my soul, Let me no name it to you, you chaste stars It is the cause, Yet Ill not shed her blood, Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow, And smooth as monumental alabaster, The above mentioned lines are from the Act V Scene II and anaphoric beginning of this passage is Othello’s expression for his exalted emotional dichotomy of disbelief and love for Desdemona. The repetition of the phrase â€Å"it is the cause† are the words that come out of Othello’s weeping brain that has been so badly eclipsed by the poisoning suspicion injected by Iago that it had totally become impotent of thinking on its own. As these lines are uttered during the climax of the play thus it is quite typical of Shakespeare that he lends his protagonist with an ample energy to utter dramatic and highly emotional phrases which let them have catharsis. The desperate utterance of â€Å"my soul† by Othello shows that perhaps the only salvage left for his consolation is to confide in to his soul. Or â€Å"my soul† can also be taken as Othello’s address to Desdemona as it can be observed that Othello still loves her in these lines. And from the ironic aspect the first line also conveys the meaning that it is the â€Å"soul† of Othello that can be taken as the â€Å"cause† of the whole tragedy, because if Othello had really loved Desdemona from his soul he would have had a complete trust in her love and honesty but since he believed more what he listened to and less what was known to him thus he became the victim of suspicion that proved fatal for him and his love. In the proceeding line the address to the â€Å"stars† is made by Othello to mock at Desdemona’s infidelity. â€Å"Stars† have been used as a metaphor for their heavenly status for chastity. It can also be a reference to the Greek tradition of naming the stars by the names of their gods and goddesses. Thus as Othello has completely lost his trust in his wife thus he consider her reference to be an insult for the stars. These lines depict the imbalance of Othello’s power to reason and think and express in coherence with his flow of emotions. In the later lines he reveals his intension to kill Desdemona, but unlike his valiance as a general, he prefers to strangle her because her physical beauty still absorbs his feelings in love and compassion for her. And being a black man himself he admired her fair skin and he refers to her with two different categories of symbols. The use of â€Å"snow† as a simile conveys the softness and coldness of her fair physique which Othello never wanted to distort by killing with a weapon and the metaphor of â€Å"monumental alabaster† can be referred to the stiff and lifeless beauty of Desdemona that laid with no worth for Othello anymore. I have seen the day That with this little arm and this good sword I have made my way through more impediments Than twenty times your stop. But O vain boast! Who can control his fate? Tis not so now. Be not afraid, though you do see me weaponed. Here is my journeys end, here is my butt, And very seamark of my utmost sail. These lines are uttered in the Act V Scene II which is almost the resolution of the play and it is one of Shakespeare’s special characteristics that his tragic heroes lose the intensity and the energy of their rhetoric in the last scenes of the play. It is because of the reason that Shakespeare develops his tragic heroes to attain the status of being larger than life and thus speech loses its value when the characters become paranormal. In the above lines the most important aspect that one can notice is the tone of submission and retreat which is conveyed by the choice and arrangement of words like â€Å"little arm† â€Å"But O vain Boast!† and â€Å"Who can control this fate?† by Othello who was a valiant and unbeatable general but in these lines appears to be the defeated and subjugated one in the hands of fate. These lines though do not consist of any special rhyme scheme that would help in bringing an effective poetic impact whilst delivering these lines on the stage but the second line does show some signs of alliteration as the words â€Å"made my way through more impediments† as well as in the third line where the words â€Å"twenty times† are stressed and can be delivered with some high pitched voice by the character. But after these lines the tone changes as the desperation and despondency appear in the words. The last three lines are symbolically referred by Othello to his death. And despite he is â€Å"weaponed† yet he is incapable to fight as he desires death due to his lamenting guilt and in vain repentance. In the last line the use of the metaphor â€Å"seamark† is an appropriate expression for Othello’s choice of vocabulary as it adequately represents his experiences and knowledge as a sailor and warrior. Analysis of selected passages from Othello by William Shakespeare. (2017, Jan 13). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Utah symphony and opera merger Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Utah symphony and opera merger - Coursework Example or example responsibility, recognition and challenging work, provide positive satisfaction, occurring from basic conditions of the job itself, like achievement, recognition or personal growth. The hygiene factors that Herzberg identified do not provide positive satisfaction as such, but if they are absent, then it results in dissatisfaction. Examples include job security, fringe benefits and working conditions. Herzberg gave the rational that, since the factors leading towards satisfaction are different from those that lead towards dissatisfaction, therefore the two approaches cannot merely be treated as antonyms of each other. The opposite feeling of satisfaction is not just dissatisfaction, but it is no satisfaction. In a similar way, dissatisfaction’s opposite is, no dissatisfaction. Herzberg argued that through this there are two different human needs that are being portrayed. There are physiological needs that can be fulfilled by money, for example, for the purchase of basic needs like food and shelter. And then, there is the psychological need to achieve and be recognized, and this need is fulfilled by actions that cause a person to grow. Bill Bailey, being the chairman of the board of the Utah Opera Organization, could use these hygiene factors to motivate his employees, by modifying their jobs and giving them job enlargement, job enrichment or empowerment. This would give the employees a sense of recognition, increased responsibility and a feeling of advancement and growth in their careers. 2. Scott Parker, chairman of the board of the Utah Symphony Organization, might use Mcclelland’s Achievement Motivation Theory to convince Mrs. Abravanel to support the merger. David Mcclelland identified three types of needs present in people, the need for achievement, the need for authority and power, and the need for affiliation. People who have achievement motives are provoked by values of excellence, defined roles and responsibilities and real, on time

Does Marketing Cost Too Much Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Does Marketing Cost Too Much - Term Paper Example This is Micromarketing, because it pertains to choices affecting market segments that the restaurant will cater to. Micromarketing is ‘one-to-one’ marketing (Donovan, 2005); essentially, marketing techniques regarding market segments and individual customers. Here, his marketing style will cost the restaurateur; he will lose a large market segment that enjoys wine with food. Furthermore, he will lose sales volumes and consequent profits. Profits will dip sans high profit margin alcohol sale. A sole tourist is launched into orbit for a fee of $20 million dollars. The flight is not conducted solely for the benefit of the tourist as scientific research takes place. Furthermore, the $20 million fee can be used to fund future research or to help underwrite the cost of future flights. This is Macro marketing, it looks at the effect marketing has on society and vice versa by research. (Mick, Bateman and Lutz, 2009). In this case marketing is not ‘costing too much’ because it will reap future benefits, also the money spent can be utilized in the future to fund further scientific research and cover other costs in the process. A retailer has to mark the price down below cost to unload inventory. Does this suggest that the initial pricing wasn’t competitive, and/or that the marketing mix as a whole was ineffective? Perhaps failure in part is due to the purchase of a poorly designed product or a product that doesn’t meet the clienteles’ needs. Alternately, it may be that the store’s advertising didn’t reach or influence the appropriate target market. Finally, failure may have resulted from the retailer’s inattention to the competitive environment. These are Micromarketing issues relating to the marketing mix and other micro issues such as product design, advertising, targeting market segments, ineffective competitive measures etc. Former mix and strategy would have cost the retailer

The Discus Ring Essay -- Observation Essay, Descriptive Essay

The Discus Ring There is a place in my mind that none other is equal to. This place holds the dreams of so many; it grants the wishes of so few. Although hope can persevere through so many trials and tribulations, this place can crush hope in less than an instant. When there is the realization that hope has been mangled, that a person can be or has been defeated, this place may choose to reestablish that person's dignity and pride in the next instantor it may not. This place is the discus ring. Its occupants often call it "the ring". It is a small, square slab of concrete placed at the vertex of a precise angle. There is a white circle painted on the cement. Though it seems simple, this is the most complex piece of equipment and the biggest challenge in an athlete's life. Looking from an athlete's eyes, a person could see the world from the ring. Just spending time there could equally duplicate everything of importance that has ever been taught to them. Things like pride, disappointment, and responsibility to others as well as you are learned in this six by six-foot squa...

Ku Klux Klan’s Effect on America Essay

The first Klan had first started around the year of 1860’s. The first klan had lead up to the effects of the 1920’s. The KKK had a tumultious start, and it had a major effect on America in the 1920’s. The first klan began in Tennessee, by six Confederate Army Officers, in the winter of 1865. Ku klux Klan rose about four million and spread from the South into the Midwest region and Northern states and even into Canada. The name of the Ku Klux Klan is â€Å"derived from the Grrek word ‘kyklos,’ meaning circle† (Wikimedia Foundation). ‘Klan was added for the purpose of alliteration† (â€Å"Ku Klux Klan†). The infamous burning-cross icon became a symbol of the KKK in the 1920’s, which was one of many tactics used for intimidation. Perhaps the most distinguishing characteristic of Klan members were the white robes they wore along with cone shaped hats that covered their faces. These costumes accomplished their goal of making them look more outlandish and terrifying, and for the intimidation of their victims (Smith). The Klan was pretty selective in accepting members, only WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants) could become members. These members possessed the ideology of white supremacy to all other races and ethnic divisions, similar to the concept of Neo-Nazism, however they claim to have based their beliefs on Christian values and nativism. It is often thought that the KKK only hated African-Americans, but many other groups acquired hatred from the Klan, such as Jews, Catholics , homosexuals and various immigrant groups. Anti-Defamination League). Even though the stock started to gain their stocks and shares didn’t stop the Great Depression from happening (Kelly). Many people wonder why any group of people would posses such a hatred Dubbs 3 for certain groups of people. While there is no legitimate justification, one factor contributing to their hate was the rapid economic progression in the North, and the stagnant economy of the South. This may have been what angered the white southerners so much that they put blame onto the black population, along with leftover racial disputes from the times of slavery (Trueman). People of today also wonder how society could permit such destruction of life, and also support it. Back then, the Klan had many sources of income including membership fees, funds acquired from various events and sales of Klan propaganda, as well as free will donations. â€Å"This income made the Klan’s many forms of media and strategy possible, such as mass mailings, pamphlets and public events and protests. They also did community service projects such as ‘adopt a highway’ programs to make themselves look good in the eyes of their communities† (Anti-Defamanation League). The members of the Ku Klux Klan did everything in their power to prevent the black community from exercising their newly acquired rights, which was often done during massive events. During a typical KKK event, they dressed in robes symbolizing their rank, then went on nighttime raids, during which they would whip and murder blacks and any of their supporters (â€Å"Ku Klux Klan†). These events, unfortunately, were extremely effective. This lack of a political presence is what allowed the Klan to exist for such a long period of time. KKK existed from the initial founding until around 1870, â€Å"when congress passed the KKK act which allowed authorities to end such activities by force and penalize anyone who affiliated with terrorist organizations† (â€Å"Ku Klux Klan†). At this time, blacks were the only targets of the KKK, for the most part.

College essay topics to write about Internationalization - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2373 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction Numerous market entry modes are available for an enterprise, aspiring to internationalise into foreign markets. Entry forms ranges from Exporting, Licensing, Franchising, strategic alliances, joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries to foreign direct and indirect investments. However these modes have their own benefits as well as risks attached. The forms of internationalisation discussed here are, exporting, licensing, joint venture and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Forms of Internationalisation Internationalisation has been defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the process of adapting firms operations to international environments (Calof and Beamish, 1995, p-116). In other words, it can be explained as involvement of enterprises in to international markets (Welch and Luostarinen, 1999). The existence of internationalisation can be traced back from the initiation of mankinds aptitude to travel overseas in search of different commodities as well as searching new markets for selling products. However today commercial world has taken a massive form and internationalisation has become a spine of modern commercial world (Vijayasri, 2013). The most obvious intention is to target new markets for achieving growth in the business. Enterprises broaden the market for exporting or joint ventures overseas. Several enterprises go overseas to get access to skills and technical know-how. Conventionally, internationalisation by exporting has been regarded as a way to increase growth of firms. Howe ver today, internationalisation involves all the activities that a business embarks on with regards to foreign markets for instance, exporting goods and services, licensing, amalgamating with an already existed business, entering in to a joint venture with a foreign company, exhibiting in international trade shows, investing in a foreign country in direct (foreign direct investments) or indirect way (foreign indirect investment or portfolio investment) (Mohibul and Fernandez, 2008). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "College essay topics to write about Internationalization" essay for you Create order Exporting Selling goods and services manufactured in the home country to other markets is defined as exporting (Joshi, 2005). Traditionally it has been considered as the first and foremost move in to an international market which serves as an entry point for expansion in the future (Kogut Chang, 1996). Although it is considered as an entry strategy, all the sizes of enterprises consider exporting regardless of their position in internationalisation process. Exports benefit the business as it gives the scope for specialisation in the production of those goods and services which it is best suited to produce given the resources in ones own country (natural endowments, labour, skills and technical know-how etc). The key benefit of exporting is that the business can enter as well as exit from the foreign market much easily compared to the complex and resource-seeking forms of internationalisation such as joint venture or foreign direct investment. In other words, there is a less risk, expense an d resources involved with exporting compared to other strategies and so it can be executed frequently (Dalli, 1995). Exporting can be broadly divided in to two categories, direct exporting and indirect exporting (Daniels, Radebaugh and Sullivan, 2007). Direct exporting means direct marketing and selling to the client situated in the foreign market. In a condition where the enterprise has an accessible market in the foreign country, direct exporting can be a viable option as there are several advantages such as sales are controlled, target management is easier, higher profits because of absence of mediators and a closer relationship with the ultimate buyers. However when there is a less familiar environment, risk of exchange rate deterioration and complex regulatory and legal system, makes direct exporting dicey. In that case indirect exporting is a more feasible option (Johanson2000). Indirect exporting make use of mediators to export in to the foreign countries, who then takes c harge of searching for buyers, shipping and payments. The examples of such exporting are generally found in automobiles and transportation industries. However indirect exports can tend to diminishing returns as the mediators try to gain the maximum profit as well as the control over the international market is more or less in the hands of the mediators. Many organisations use both the approaches for different countries. A most celebrated advantage of exports is that it eliminates the cost of producing in the host country. However it can also be taken as a disadvantage if the cost of producing the good is less overseas. From nation to nation there are different rules and regulations pertaining to exports and imports to protect the domestic market such as tariff barrier and import ceilings which make exporting expensive (Hill, 2007). These pitfalls of exporting can be dropped if the exporter hires an experienced mediator (a company or a consultant) and adopts the appropriate strate gy. Licensing Licensing is an agreement between two parties in which the licensor permits the right over intangible property to licensee for a specific period, and in return, the former collects a loyalty fee from the licensee (Hill, 2007). In other words it is a mode of foreign market entry where an enterprise of one country permits an enterprise in another country to utilise the manufacturing and processing techniques, skills, trademarks, patents etc provided by the licensor. This is a non-equity based transaction. This type of internationalisation is frequent in pharmaceutical companies where licensing for formulas, inventions and patents are exchanged. Beverage manufacturers also frequently license the bottling companies of other countries for producing the beverages. This particular mode of internationalisation is suitable for firms that lack capital for production and familiarity with local markets in foreign country. It can be also recognised as low risk manufacturing relationship (Susman , 2007). However there are some limitations of this mode as well. Licensing controls the enterprises scope to synchronize strategic moves across the foreign markets by which profits earned in one country (Hill, 2007). Other disadvantages of licensing agreement are the limited control over manufacturing, strategy used for marketing and development and sale of the product. Selling the technical skills to the other businesses evolves a risk of creating competition by providing them the competitive advantage ones own business possesses (Carstairs and Welch, 1982). Joint Ventures As the name suggest, a joint venture is an entity created by two or more independent businesses working together with an idea of achieving a common objective, or combining their respective know-how and resources for a superior mutual benefit. Under this mode of internationalisation, the initiating partners (of different countries) create a new entity, participate actively in formulating approaches and decisions making. The enterprises venture to link together sharing profits and expenses, as well as the control of the new firm (Mohibul and Fernandez, 2008). It is equity based method of internationalisation although the combination of equity proportion depends on the agreements of the companies involved in it. The agreement between the parties states the task and kind of participation each company would perform. There are examples of joint venture occurring between businesses that are engaged in a manufacturing of similar products and make profits in similar manner. For the purpose of saving the cost of research and development of new technologies, the two market competitors Isuzu (Japan based) and General Motors (USA based) have engaged themselves in joint ventures (Automotive News, 2014). The other kind of joint venture takes place between companies which manufacture different products but technologically linked to each other for an instance, the joint product of mobile phones by Sony (Japanese electronics manufacturer) and Ericsson (Swiss telecommunication company). A joint venture can be project based or for a long-term business relationship. Joint ventures can be a beneficial business as enterprises can complement each others skills and can benefit from the international presence. A company entering in to a joint venture gains from local partners knowledge of the host countrys competitive conditions, culture, language as well as political and business systems. The companies involved have a joint financial strength and increased access to various resour ces. Another big advantage is that the costs and risks are shared and all the involved parties would try to minimise them. A business can also overcome some of the cost and risk by offering control of its equity to the other companies involved. In joint venture there is a secured access to other companys technology which can give the market protection. Also there is accumulative learning because of technology and strategies sharing. However, there are certain drawbacks of this mode of internationalisation as well. The first and foremost limitation is that setting up a joint venture can augment a companys exposure to risk than what it would be in a more simple relationship model of paying for the job done by another party. This augmented exposure to risk arises as all the companies are partial equity holder of the venture and there is a greater chance of having a conflict of interests (Hill, 2007). Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) The World Bank defines FDI as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Foreign direct investment are the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 per cent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of the equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments In other words. FDI is an investment and getting a controlling ownership in a business by an investor, based in another country for which the foreign investor has control over the company purchased. FDI is different to portfolio investment that is, a passive investments in the share and stocks of a company based in a foreign country which is also called Foreign Indirect Investment (FII). FDI refers to an enterprises physical investment (in land, building, equipment etc.) in establishing a plant in a foreign country. Enterprises that involve in FDI are often called Multi National Ente rprises (MNEs) or Multi National Companies (MNCs). MNEs usually have two approaches either investing in a new company which are called green field investments or purchasing an existing foreign company by a joint venture or strategic alliance, which is called brown field investment. In addition to the direct capital financing it supplies, FDI can bring valuable technology and know- how. It also encourages linkages with local firms which can help jumpstart an economy as well (Alfaro, 2003). The determinants of FDI can be broadly listed as market size, labour costs and productivity, foreign exchange ratio, political risk, economic policy of the host country, availability of infrastructure, availability of human capital and natural resources, economic growth and tax structure of the host country and saturation at home market (Demirhan and Masca, 2008). Many a times the benefits and limitations of FDI become a subjective matter. This type of internationalisation may provide a MNC w ith great advantages but at the same time it cannot be advantageous to the host country. Observing from the business point of view, FDI has a direct access in to the host countrys market. Some countries have restrictive trade policies; FDI nullifies this for the investor. In a similar manner FDI is effective mode to acquire scarce natural resources in the foreign country for example oil companies make massive investments in oil rich countries. MNCs benefit tremendously by moving their operations in to a developing country with access to cheap labour, availability of human capital and overall cheap factors of production. The reduced cost of production gives a competitive edge to the business in the international market. Often MNEs selects a particular country for production or assembling as it is closer to final market for their products and by doing so transport and distribution cost can be reduced. Many governments invite and give incentives for the FDIs which are beneficial for th e companies which are trying to get hold of an international market. The major demerit of internationalisation through FDI is that, it is highly capital intensive and so there is a higher risk associated with it. For a small and medium scale enterprise FDI can become inaccessible (Westhead,Wright and Ucbasaran, 2007). Further, the exchange rate and political turbulence can adversely affect the FDI business. Conclusion An enterprise seeking to enter in an international market must make a strategic decision on the selection of the mode of internationalisation. Above discussed four forms are the most common modes; however the risk appetite of the business is the best indicator to select one or more from them. 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